Issue #005 is live.
Two institutions. Same country. Same period. The same structural absence.
Apple Card. Gender wasn’t an input. Variables that correlated with gender were. Women with equivalent credit scores and assets got different outcomes. Goldman Sachs had never defined what the model was not permitted to do.
UnitedHealth deployed nH Predict to determine post-acute care coverage. The algorithm predicted a length of stay. Reality exceeded the prediction. Coverage was denied. Didn’t matter what the physician documented. Nine of ten appealed denials were reversed. February 2025 - a federal judge allowed the case to proceed to trial. March 2026 - the court ordered disclosure of the algorithm itself.
Both failures. One thing in common. A model with a function and no boundary. Layer 5 is where that boundary should have been defined. It wasn’t.
Three mechanisms. What they are. Why neither institution had them.
Layer 5 of the Decision Integrity Chain™ - Judgment.